Recently read The Path Between the Seas by McCullough, about the Panama Canal. Some things that were interesting:
I had forgotten (or never knew?) that the French tried to build it first! In the 1880s the same guy who directed the Suez Canal, de Lesseps, gave it a shot. He was blinded by his Suez attempt, and severely underestimated the difficulty. He tried for a “sea-level” canal, with no locks, as he had done at Suez. The sea-level idea was not feasible at all in Panama, due to many factors, including the sheer volume of dirt this would involve, plus the fact that a goddamn river was in the way, with no good way around it.
Even some Americans favored a sea-level canal, but they eventually settled on the locks. This involved them damming the river to create an artificial lake. The US basically followed the French route. The French had excavated about 30 million cubic yards of useful volume. The US excavated 230 million more. A sea level cut would have required magnitudes more million cubic yards of excavation, and wouldn’t have resolved the river issue. The total excavation for the design with locks was therefore around 260 million cubic yards, which was 4 times the volume the French had predicted for a sea-level cut. So the French plans were complete nonsense.
Also the French didn’t know how malaria and yellow fever were transmitted, so everyone died. They actually put all bedposts in little cups of water to keep the ants off them, so the mosquitoes got to everyone.
The US knew about mosquitoes when they started in 1904. Well, some Americans didn’t buy the mosquito theory, but the right people prevailed and they eventually got the situation under control.
The US completely fucked over Columbia, and at the slightest hesitation on Columbia’s part, engineered a “revolution” (along with some French people who still stood to make some $) so that Panama became an independent country. No wonder the whole region hated the US.
There were still a lot of worker deaths, with a giant racial disparity, of course.
Anyway, a good read. Maybe 7.5 or 8 out of 10