The surfaces are different but in what ways and by how much is extremely difficult to answer. The court surfaces change a lot. In fact, I’m pretty sure they resurface the courts at all of the venues annually and play around with the top coat formulations but here is a quick history:
The AO switched from grass to Rebound Ace (the green court) in 1988 and kept it until 2007. A lot of players complained about it, claiming that it got sticky in the heat and caused injuries (a later analysis found no evidence for this claim). They switched to Plexicusion (the blue court) from 2008 to 2019 and now use a surface called Greenset. The US Open used DecoTurf from 1978 to 2019 but recently switched to Laykold. These are all just different brands of basically the same thing which is a layered court with a rubberized cushion beneath an acrylic top coat, but different formulations of the components can lead to different speed, skid, and bounce.
It doesn’t seem like good scientific measurements exist for these factors and what you’ll usually see is how players describe the courts in a particular year. I know they were saying the AO played extremely fast this year. Also, they have been intentionally slowing all of the courts down for years to make tennis “more exciting” for casual fans which is one of the reasons why a few players win all of the slams:
This is why I think all of the gushing over the current dudes with 20 slams being the GOATs is kind of LOL. This game they’re playing is just completely different from tennis that was played before ~2000. Agassi winning a career grand slam was a huge deal at the time. Would anyone even get excited about that now?
